Kerapu Lumpur

Kerapu Lumpur

Jenis ikan ini telah dibudidayakan di daerah Kepulauan Riau dan Sumatera Utara, khususnya Kabupaten/Kota Nias, Tapanuli Tengah, Sibolga, Langkat, Deli Serdang, dan Medan.


A. Sistematika

Famili : Serranidae
Species : Epinephelus coioides
Nama dagang : estuaty, grouper, fah paan, chairomaruhata, chi hou
Nama lokal : kerapu minyak



Ciri-ciri dan Aspek Biologi

Ciri fisik
Epinephelus coioides ada kemiripan dengan jenis kerapu lumpur lainnya, E. tauvina atau
E. suillus, terutama penampakan bintik pada tubuhnya.

Bentuk tubuh memanjang Bagian kepala dan punggung berwarna gelap kehitaman, sedangkan
perut berwarna keputihan. seluruh tubuhnya dipenuhi bintik-bintik kasar berwarna kecokelatan atau kemerahan.


2. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
Sebagaimana halnya dengan ikan kerapu lainnya, kerapu
lumpur bersifat protogony hermaphrodite. Artinya, jenis kelamin
ikan berubah sejalan dengan pertumbuhannya. Pada waktu masih
berumur 3 tahun atau kurang, ikan ini berkelamin betina. Namun sesudah berumur lebih dari 4 tahun ikan ini berubah kelamin menjadi jantan tanpa perubahan morfologi yang jelas.


Kedewasaan pertama tercapai pada ukuran 25-3o cm saatberumur 2-3 tahun. Di KJA jenis ikan ini memijah sepanjang tahun dengan puncaknya terjadi pada bulan Juni—Oktober. Seekor betina berukuran 35 cm dapat menghasilkan telur sebanyak 850.000 butir/satu kali memijah, sedangkan ikan yang lebih besar dapat menghasilkan hampir 3 juta butir.


Ikan ini tumbuh cepat. Pertumbuhan ikan kerapu lumpur beragam, tergantung pada bobot awal, mutu, dan jumlah pakan yang digunakan dan kondisi lingkungan. Panjang maksimum yang dapat dicapai sampai 95 cm.



C. Pemilihan Lokasi Budi Daya

Ikan kerapu lumpur hidup di perairan muara sungai dengan kisaran kadar garam 15-30 ppt, suhu air 24-31 derajat celsius, dan kadar oksigen terlarut antara 4,9-9,3 mg/l. Ikan ini juga dapat hidup dan tumbuh di tambak berkadar garam antara. 7,1-31 ppt. KJA yang akan digunakan harus diletakan di lokasi yang tepat, yaitu perairan laut yang terlindung dari arus kuat dan gelombang besar.



D. Wadah Budi Daya

Wadah budi daya yang digunakan adalah karamba jaring apung dan karamba jaring tancap. Adapun ukuran KJA sebaiknya 7 m x 7 m dengan jaring berukuran 3 m x 3 M.


E. Pengelolaan Budi Daya

1. Penyediaan benih
Benih ikan kerapu dapat diperoleh dari alam atau dari hatchery. Di alam, benih ikan kerapu lumpur banyak hidup di perairan sekitar muara sungai yang berdasar lumpur dan ditumbuhi lamun (seagrass). Adapun musim benihnya berbeda pada setiap tempat.

Ukuran benih yang tertangkap bervariasi, mulai dari 2 - 10 cm dengan bobot 5-25 g. Penangkapannya dengan pukat pantai, sudu, pancing, dan bubu. Benih kerapu bisa juga diperoleh di hatchery.


2. Penebaran benih
Waktu penebaran benih sebaiknya dilakukan pada pagi atau sore hari. Keseragaman ukuran benih juga perlu diperhatikan
ketika penebaran. Tujuannya untuk mengurangi pemangsaan akibat sifat kanibal. Selain keragaman, kepadatan penebaran benih juga harus diperhatikan. Benih berukuran 5-10 g dapat ditebar dengan kepadatan 75 ekor/m3, sedangkan kepadatan tebar benih berukuran 20-25 g sekitar 5o ekor/m3.


Jika telah berukuran 150-200 g, kepadatannya harus dikurangi menjadi 4o ekor/m3. Adapun jumlah ikan yang ditebarkan saat berukuran 1oo g adalah 400 ekor.
Benih kerapu lumpur. Keseragaman ukuran benih harus diperhalikan saat penebaran




3. Pemberian pakan
Kerapu lumpur termasuk jenis ikan karnivora yang memangsa ikan-ikan keeil, udang, cumi-cumi, rajungan, dan kepiting. Ikan ini dapat dilatih makan pellet berkadar protein tinggi. Namun pada stadia larva, ikan ini merupakan pemakan plankton.

Selama pemeliharaan ikan diberi pakan berupa ikan rucah dengan dosis 8% bobot badan/hari. Selanjutnya, dosis dituttinkan menjadi 5% setelah bobotnya mencapai 300 g/ekor. Jika diberikan pakan buatan, dosisnya relatif lebih keeil dibandingkan dengan penggunaan pakan ikan rucah, yaitu 4-2% bobot badan per hari. pakan tersebut diberikan 2 kali pada pagi dan sore. Perubahan dosis pakan dilakukan setiap bulan setelah dilakukan penimbangan berat. Semakin besar ikan, semakin kecil dosis pakan yang diberikan.



F. Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit

Gejala terjadinya serangan iridovirus pada induk ikan kerapu lumpur mirip dengan sleepy gouger diseases yang menyerang ikan kerapu di Sumatera Utara tahun 1993. serangan iridovirus memunculkan gejala pembengkakan pada organ limpa dan menyebabkan kematian ikan.

Selain virus, ikan ini biasa pula terserang penyakit bakteri Streptococcus iniae dengan tanda-tanda warna berubah menjadi lebili gelap, kehilangan keseimbangan, berenang berputar, dan timbul bintik-bintik merah pada kulit. Kerapu lumpur juga biasa diserang penyakit parasites, seperti cacing Neobedenia.


G. Panen
Ikan dapat dipanen setelah mencapai bobot 600-80o g dengan lama pemeliharaan 6-8 bulan. Adapun teknik panennya sama dengan cara panen ikan di KJA umumnya.

sumber : Penebar Swadaya, 2008

In the original eutroph lakes have characteristics - characteristics as follows

In the original eutroph lakes have characteristics - characteristics as follows:

• relatively shallow depth

• the coastal dalaml relatively wide

•-There are many plants litoral

• are usually located on the lake where a flat, sometimes found in the mountains

• water green until green yellow color is caused by growth - growth in the lake water

• low water clarity

• N and P content higher

• not a lot of humus

• akan most rich limestone

• Oxygen content difference between summer and winter is on the big termoklin

• Oxygen in the womb hypolimnion is poor or there is no

• in the summer Oxygen reduction occurs because the animal plankton

• on the lake in which, the spread of Oxygen in the lake, with the lake oligotroph

• there is a lot of detritus derived from the plankton

• basic mud lake, rich in organic materials that are currently experiencing autochtone decomposition

• the process of decomposition in the lake are usually strong Lumpur

• there are lots of phyto-plankton, often bloom

• Chlorophyceae few, Schizophyceae and Diatomae many, besides Chrysomonad and peridinium

source: H. Masyamsir, Ir, MS

Asset and liability basics

Asset and liability basics

by: Mansi gupta
Knowledge of accounts can make life much easy. If you are to invest in a new business or joining your forefather’s business, planning to take some loan, looking for job in any marketing company, desire to be the manager of a multinational company or have the onus to manage your own assets and liabilities, knowing some basics of accounts becomes mandatory.


Broadly, accounting is bifurcated into two categories-

Cash Bases Accounting

Accrual Accounting


The Cash Based accounting pertains to the management of an individual’s personal monetary transactions. In this case, he keeps a track of the money he withdrew, deposited, gave or received from someone etc. This accounting comes to life when actual cash transactions take place.

The Accrual Accounting requires an accountant who notes the transactions even if no money has been actually exchanged. This method works on the principle of comparing or seeing the ratio of the expenses to expenditure. If the expenditure is more, you need to cut down your luxuries, if not then it’s always good to have some savings for future. This type of accounting tells you the amount that you owed; this might not match with the figure of your bank balance.


In the language of accounting there are several key terms that one needs to be familiar with. Some of the crucial ones are discussed below-

The Assets- the assets are generally those possessions of an individual that have a good market value or are quite valuable. Assets are mainly classified into three types-
Current Asset- the cash is the most basic asset of any individual. The money that is being held in accounts like the checking and savings accounts is also included in the cash. Also inclusive are the marketable securities in the form of bonds, stocks, shares etc. The money lent or payments due from clients, even form a part of it.

Fixed Asset- comprises of all the tangible valuable things like property, machines, equipments, land and the like that are not meant to be sold.


Intangible Asset- incorporates all the untouchable things like copyrights, patents, trademarks etc. that have tremendous monetary significance.


The law of opposites governs the nature; where there are assets, there will be liabilities. These are the debts that you have to pay back to your creditors. This can be done through giving cash or any other asset like jewelry, some other goods etc. Liabilities again are of two kinds-

1. The Current Liabilities- the liabilities that are to be paid back within a certain time limit and most often through your current assets. These include the accounts payable i.e. type of bill that you have to monthly, the Notes Payable-loans taken from banks meant to be repaid within 30 days and the Accrued Expenses- the compulsory expenses like taxes, wages, interests etc. where the bills are not received but the balances of each must be repaid.

2. Long Term Liabilities- those debts that can be repaid at ease for the tenure is more then a month.



The Financial Capital- is the economic capital. It is any liquid medium or merchandise that stands for wealth or other styles or capital. There are four ways to manage and display the financial capital. First, this capital is needed when a contract is made with any sort of capital asset. The financial instruments work in the form of currency in case of sale, purchase or trade of goods i.e. the medium exchanges. Second, it works as a settled medium or mode like gold for the
Standard of Deferred Payment. Third, The Unit of Account has a market value attached to it which in turn varies with the economy of the country. Fourth, The Source of Value is concerned with financial capital that needs to be saved and recovered. It is a collection of things like gold, real estate, collectibles etc.


Petty Cash is an important factor in business. It is the smallest account within a business setting or the cash in bills and coinage required to pay little expenses.

Types of Business- there are several kinds of business one should be aware of like


Sole proprietorship- where a single individual who starts the business owns it too.

Partnerships- the companies or businesses started by two or more persons where they conjointly own it.


Corporations- involve lot many shareholders or investors who are responsible in taking decisions for the company.

Limited Liability Companies- can be said to be sisters of corporations. Here the business members are not under a legal obligation to pay the debts if the business fails.



Payrolls- the term payroll designates the manner in which you will be paying the employees of your company and even yourself. Many multinational companies cater to payroll service provider companies that do the work quite efficiently.


These are some of the broad guidelines that will help you grasp the basics of accounting. It is essential to have some such wisdom for accounts as it is fruitful in all walks of life.


About the author:
Mansi gupta writes about asset and liability Learn more at http://www.assetsandliabilitiesbook.com


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